# tricky
* [process bar](#process-bar)
* [with dot `.`](#with-dot-)
* [with `▉ ▎ ▌ ▊`](#with-▉-▎-▌-▊)
* [with `[###----]`](#with-----)
* [with `|\|/`](#with-\\)
* [Integralist/python progress bar.py](#integralistpython-progress-barpy)
* [spinner](#spinner)
* [Braille Patterns](#braille-patterns)
* [others](#others)
* [bash script](#bash-script)
* [save & restore screen](#save--restore-screen)
* [`tput`](#tput)
* [`echo`](#echo)
* [terminfo escape sequences](#terminfo-escape-sequences)
* [`tput`](#tput-1)
* [reset terminal](#reset-terminal)
* [clear screen](#clear-screen)
* [show term](#show-term)
* [show terminal width](#show-terminal-width)
* [customized colorful output](#customized-colorful-output)
* [`Operation not permitted`](#operation-not-permitted)
* [array](#array)
* [differences in bash parameter calls](#differences-in-bash-parameter-calls)
* [wildcard expansion](#wildcard-expansion)
### process bar
{% hint style="info" %}
> reference:
>
> * [How to add a progress bar to a shell script?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/238073/how-to-add-a-progress-bar-to-a-shell-script)
> {% endhint %}
#### with dot `.`
> reference:
>
> * [colorful output : `c()`](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ppo/bash-colors/master/bash-colors.sh)
> * [`c()` can be also found in .marslorc](https://github.com/marslo/mylinux/blob/master/confs/home/.marslo/.marslorc#L138)
```bash
while true; do
(( i++ == 0 )) && printf $(c sY)%-6s$(c) 'waiting ...' || printf $(c sY)%s$(c) '.'
sleep 1
done
```
#### [with `▉ ▎ ▌ ▊`](https://stackoverflow.com/a/65532561/2940319)
> another:
>
> * [A progress bar for the shell](https://ownyourbits.com/2017/07/16/a-progress-bar-for-the-shell/)
```bash
# main function designed for quickly copying to another program
progressBar() {
Bar="" # Progress Bar / Volume level
Len=25 # Length of Progress Bar / Volume level
Div=4 # Divisor into Volume for # of blocks
Fill="▒" # Fill up to $Len
Arr=( "▉" "▎" "▌" "▊" ) # UTF-8 left blocks: 7/8, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4
FullBlock=$((${1} / Div)) # Number of full blocks
PartBlock=$((${1} % Div)) # Size of partial block (array index)
while [[ $FullBlock -gt 0 ]]; do
Bar="$Bar${Arr[0]}" # Add 1 full block into Progress Bar
(( FullBlock-- )) # Decrement full blocks counter
done
# if remainder zero no partial block, else append character from array
if [[ $PartBlock -gt 0 ]]; then Bar="$Bar${Arr[$PartBlock]}"; fi
# Pad Progress Bar with fill character
while [[ "${#Bar}" -lt "$Len" ]]; do Bar="$Bar$Fill"; done
echo progress : "$1 $Bar"
exit 0 # Remove this line when copying into program
} # progressBar
Main () {
tput civis # Turn off cursor
for ((i=0; i<=100; i++)); do
CurrLevel=$(progressBar "$i") # Generate progress bar 0 to 100
echo -ne "$CurrLevel"\\r # Reprint overtop same line
sleep .04
done
echo -e \\n # Advance line to keep last progress
echo "$0 Done"
tput cnorm # Turn cursor back on
} # main
Main "$@"
```
#### [with `[###----]`](https://stackoverflow.com/a/64932365/2940319)
> another solution:
>
> * [fearside/ProgressBar](https://github.com/fearside/ProgressBar/blob/master/progressbar.sh)
```bash
BAR='##############################'
FILL='------------------------------'
totalLines=100
barLen=30
count=0
while [ ${count} -lt ${totalLines} ]; do
# update progress bar
count=$(( ${count}+ 1 ))
percent=$(( (${count} * 100 / ${totalLines} * 100)/ 100 ))
i=$(( ${percent} * ${barLen} / 100 ))
echo -ne "\r[${BAR:0:$i}${FILL:$i:barLen}] ${count}/${totalLines} (${percent}%)"
sleep .1
done
```
![progress bar with \[###----\]](https://4276369325-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FpuTw6o3ALq0J3Uf7ELc7%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-e496ad1e0a4886c8ac7f4b78f3b9973bf3f6a2c4%2Fshell-waiting-progress-bar3.gif?alt=media)
#### [with `|\|/`](https://stackoverflow.com/a/3330834/2940319)
```bash
while :; do
for s in / - \\ \|
do printf "\r$s"
sleep .1
done
done
```
#### [Integralist/python progress bar.py](https://gist.github.com/Integralist/01aed051251476c4bd6daa4b076eb23a)
### spinner
> \[!TIP|label:check more:]
>
> * [\* iMarslo: gist/\_spinner.md](https://gist.github.com/marslo/3f4b1eae28902394ad3201d1b5ea5537)
#### Braille Patterns
> \[!NOTE|label:references:]
>
> * [unicode - Braille Patterns](https://symbl.cc/en/unicode/blocks/braille-patterns/)
>
> * [wikipedia - Braille Patterns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille_Patterns)
>
> * [SamEureka/spinner.sh](https://gist.github.com/SamEureka/3e61942d37256550b40d0ffe75bc22c4)
>
> * [Braille Patterns - U2800.pdf](https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2800.pdf)
>
> > 
> >
> > ```
> > +---+---+
> > | 1 | 4 |
> > +---+---+
> > | 2 | 5 |
> > +---+---+
> > | 3 | 6 |
> > +---+---+
> > | 7 | 8 |
> > +---+---+
> > ```
**4-dots**
| UNICODE | ICON | HTML ENCODING | COMMENTS |
| :-----: | :--: | :-----------: | -------- |
| `28C4` | ⣄ | `⣄` | `378` |
| `28C6` | ⣆ | `⣆` | `2378` |
| `2847` | ⡇ | `⡇` | `1237` |
| `280F` | ⠏ | `⠏` | `1234` |
| `280B` | ⠋ | `⠋` | `124` |
| `2839` | ⠹ | `⠹` | `1456` |
| `28B8` | ⢸ | `⢸` | `4568` |
| `28F0` | ⣰ | `⣰` | `5678` |
| `28E0` | ⣠ | `⣠` | `678` |
[](https://github.com/marslo/iDevOps/raw/master/screenshot/spinner/spinner-8.gif)
```bash
local spinner=( '⣄' '⣆' '⡇' '⠏' '⠋' '⠹' '⢸' '⣰' '⣠' )
local spinner=(
"$(c Rs)⣄$(c)" # red
"$(c Ys)⣆$(c)" # yellow
"$(c Gs)⡇$(c)" # green
"$(c Bs)⠏$(c)" # blue
"$(c Ms)⠋$(c)" # magenta
"$(c Ys)⠹$(c)" # yellow
"$(c Gs)⢸$(c)" # green
"$(c Bs)⣰$(c)" # blue
"$(c Ms)⣠$(c)" # magenta
)
```
**7-dots**
| UNICODE | ICON | HTML ENCODING | COMMENTS |
| :-----: | :--: | :-----------: | --------- |
| `28FE` | ⣾ | `⣾` | `2345678` |
| `28FD` | ⣽ | `⣽` | `1345678` |
| `28FB` | ⣻ | `⣻` | `1245678` |
| `28BF` | ⢿ | `⢿` | `1234568` |
| `287F` | ⡿ | `⡿` | `1234567` |
| `28DF` | ⣟ | `⣟` | `1234578` |
| `28EF` | ⣯ | `⣯` | `1234678` |
| `28F7` | ⣷ | `⣷` | `1235678` |
[](https://github.com/marslo/iDevOps/raw/master/screenshot/spinner/spinner-5.gif)
```bash
local spinner=( '⣾' '⣽' '⣻' '⢿' '⡿' '⣟' '⣯' '⣷' '⣿' )
local spinner=(
"$(c Rs)⣾$(c)" # red
"$(c Ys)⣽$(c)" # yellow
"$(c Gs)⣻$(c)" # green
"$(c Cs)⢿$(c)" # cyan
"$(c Rs)⡿$(c)" # red
"$(c Ys)⣟$(c)" # yellow
"$(c Gs)⣯$(c)" # green
"$(c Cs)⣷$(c)" # cyan
)
```
**1-dot**
[](https://github.com/marslo/iDevOps/raw/master/screenshot/spinner/spinner-6.gif)
```bash
local spinner=( '⠁' '⠂' '⠄' '⡀' '⢀' '⠠' '⠐' '⠈' )
local spinner=(
"$(c Ys)⠁$(c)" # yellow
"$(c Gs)⠂$(c)" # green
"$(c Cs)⠄$(c)" # cyan
"$(c Ms)⡀$(c)" # magenta
"$(c Ys)⢀$(c)" # yellow
"$(c Gs)⠠$(c)" # green
"$(c Cs)⠐$(c)" # cyan
"$(c Ms)⠈$(c)" # magenta
)
```
#### others
[](https://github.com/marslo/iDevOps/raw/master/screenshot/spinner/spinner-2.gif)
```bash
local spinner=( '∙∙∙∙∙' '●∙∙∙∙' '∙●∙∙∙' '∙∙●∙∙' '∙∙∙●∙' '∙∙∙∙●' )
local spinner=(
"∙∙∙∙∙"
"$(c Ys)●$(c)∙∙∙∙" # yellow
"∙$(c Gs)●$(c)∙∙∙" # green
"∙∙$(c Cs)●$(c)∙∙" # cyan
"∙∙∙$(c Bs)●$(c)∙" # blue
"∙∙∙∙$(c Ms)●$(c)" # magenta
)
local spinner=(
"$(c Rs)∙∙∙∙∙$(c)" # red
"$(c Ys)●∙∙∙∙$(c)" # yellow
"$(c Gs)∙●∙∙∙$(c)" # green
"$(c Cs)∙∙●∙∙$(c)" # cyan
"$(c Bs)∙∙∙●∙$(c)" # blue
"$(c Ms)∙∙∙∙●$(c)" # magenta
)
```
#### bash script
[**with stdout**](https://gist.github.com/marslo/3f4b1eae28902394ad3201d1b5ea5537#file-spinner-with-stdout-sh)
> \[!TIP|label:use case:]
>
> * [\* iMarslo: ccm.sh - copilot commit message](https://github.com/marslo/dotfiles/blob/main/.marslo/bin/ccm.sh)
```bash
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# credit: https://github.com/ppo/bash-colors
# shellcheck disable=SC2015,SC2059
c() { [ $# == 0 ] && printf "\e[0m" || printf "$1" | sed 's/\(.\)/\1;/g;s/\([SDIUFNHT]\)/2\1/g;s/\([KRGYBMCW]\)/3\1/g;s/\([krgybmcw]\)/4\1/g;y/SDIUFNHTsdiufnhtKRGYBMCWkrgybmcw/12345789123457890123456701234567/;s/^\(.*\);$/\\e[\1m/g'; }
# capture ctrl-c to exit the sub-process
# return the sub-process stdout ( to external variable )
function withSpinner() {
local msg="$1"; shift
local __resultvar="$1"; shift
local spinner=(
"$(c Rs)⣾$(c)"
"$(c Ys)⣽$(c)"
"$(c Gs)⣻$(c)"
"$(c Cs)⢿$(c)"
"$(c Rs)⡿$(c)"
"$(c Ys)⣟$(c)"
"$(c Gs)⣯$(c)"
"$(c Cs)⣷$(c)"
)
local frame=0
local output
local cmdPid
local pgid=''
local interrupted=0
# define the cursor recovery function
restoreCursor() { printf "\033[?25h" >&2; }
# make sure that any exit restores the cursor
trap 'restoreCursor' EXIT
# hide cursor
printf "\033[?25l" >&2
printf "%s " "$msg" >&2
set -m
trap 'interrupted=1; [ -n "$pgid" ] && kill -TERM -- -$pgid 2>/dev/null' INT
# use file descriptor to capture output
local tmpout
tmpout=$(mktemp)
exec 3<> "${tmpout}"
# shellcheck disable=SC2031,SC2030
output="$(
{
# execute command and redirect output to file descriptor 3
"$@" >&3 2>/dev/null &
cmdPid=$!
pgid=$(ps -o pgid= "$cmdPid" | tr -d ' ')
# update the spinner while the command is running
while kill -0 "$cmdPid" 2>/dev/null && (( interrupted == 0 )); do
printf "\r\033[K%s %b" "${msg}" "${spinner[frame]}" >&2
((frame = (frame + 1) % ${#spinner[@]}))
sleep 0.08
done
wait "$cmdPid" 2>/dev/null
# show the captured content
cat "${tmpout}"
}
)"
# clean the temporary file
exec 3>&-
rm -f "${tmpout}"
# \r : beginning of line
# \033[K : clear current position to end of line
# shellcheck disable=SC2031
if (( interrupted )); then
printf "\r\033[K\033[31m✗\033[0m Interrupted!\033[K\n" >&2
[ -n "${pgid}" ] && kill -TERM -- -"${pgid}" 2>/dev/null
else
# or using `printf "\r" >&2` directly without sub-progress status output
printf "\r\033[K\033[32m✓\033[0m Done!\033[K\n" >&2
fi
# assign the result to an external variable
printf -v "$__resultvar" "%s" "$output"
}
function main() {
# shellcheck disable=SC2155
local tmpfile=$(mktemp)
trap 'rm -f "${tmpfile}"' EXIT
local response
withSpinner "Loading..." response \
curl -s https:// ...
# check curl output
echo "${response}"
}
main "$@"
# vim:tabstop=2:softtabstop=2:shiftwidth=2:expandtab:filetype=sh:
```
[**with exitcode**](https://gist.github.com/marslo/3f4b1eae28902394ad3201d1b5ea5537#file-spinner-with-exitcode-sh)
```bash
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# credit: https://github.com/ppo/bash-colors
# shellcheck disable=SC2015,SC2059
c() { [ $# == 0 ] && printf "\e[0m" || printf "$1" | sed 's/\(.\)/\1;/g;s/\([SDIUFNHT]\)/2\1/g;s/\([KRGYBMCW]\)/3\1/g;s/\([krgybmcw]\)/4\1/g;y/SDIUFNHTsdiufnhtKRGYBMCWkrgybmcw/12345789123457890123456701234567/;s/^\(.*\);$/\\e[\1m/g'; }
# capture ctrl-c to exit the sub-process
function withSpinner() {
local msg="$1"; shift
local __resultvar="$1"; shift
local spinner=(
"$(c Rs)⣄$(c)"
"$(c Ys)⣆$(c)"
"$(c Gs)⡇$(c)"
"$(c Bs)⠏$(c)"
"$(c Ms)⠋$(c)"
"$(c Ys)⠹$(c)"
"$(c Gs)⢸$(c)"
"$(c Bs)⣰$(c)"
"$(c Ms)⣠$(c)"
)
local frame=0
local output
local cmdPid
local pgid=""
local interrupted=0
# explicit recovery cursor
function restoreCursor() { printf "\033[?25h" >&2; }
# ensure that any exit restores the cursor.
trap 'restoreCursor' EXIT
# hide cursor
printf "\033[?25l" >&2
printf "%s " "${msg}" >&2
set -m
trap 'interrupted=1; [ -n "${pgid}" ] && kill -TERM -- -${pgid} 2>/dev/null' INT
# shellcheck disable=SC2034,SC2030
output="$(
{
"$@" 2>/dev/null &
cmdPid=$!
pgid=$(ps -o pgid= ${cmdPid} | tr -d ' ')
echo "${pgid}" > "${tmpfile}"
while kill -0 "$cmdPid" 2>/dev/null && (( interrupted == 0 )); do
printf "\r\033[K%s %b" "${msg}" "${spinner[frame]}" >&2
((frame = (frame + 1) % ${#spinner[@]}))
sleep 0.1
done
wait "${cmdPid}" 2>/dev/null
}
)"
# \r : beginning of line
# \033[K : clear current position to end of line
if (( interrupted )); then
printf "\r\033[K\033[31m✗\033[0m Interrupted!\033[K\n" >&2
# shellcheck disable=SC2031
[ -n "${pgid}" ] && kill -TERM -- -"${pgid}" 2>/dev/null
else
printf "\r\033[K\033[32m✓\033[0m Done!\033[K\n" >&2
fi
# a separate recovery cursor is no longer required because the exit trap is handled
}
# main function
function main() {
tmpfile=$(mktemp)
trap 'rm -f "${tmpfile}"' EXIT
withSpinner "Loading..." result sleep 5
echo "Exit code: $?"
}
main "$@"
# vim:tabstop=2:softtabstop=2:shiftwidth=2:expandtab:filetype=sh:
```
### save & restore screen
{% hint style="info" %}
> reference
>
> * [Terminal codes (ANSI/VT100) introduction](https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/scripting/terminalcodes)
> {% endhint %}
#### `tput`
* clear
```bash
$ tput smcup
```
* restore
```bash
$ tput rmcup
```
#### `echo`
* save
```bash
$ echo -e '\033[?47h'
```
* restore
```bash
$ echo -e '\033[?47l'
```
### terminfo escape sequences
```bash
$ infocmp
...
colors#256, cols#80, it#8, lines#24, pairs#32767,
bel=^G, blink=\E[5m, bold=\E[1m, cbt=\E[Z, civis=\E[?25l,
clear=\E[H\E[2J, cnorm=\E[?12l\E[?25h, cr=^M,
...
```
### `tput`
#### reset terminal
> \[!NOTE]
>
> * [Shell does not show typed-in commands, what do I do to fix it?](https://askubuntu.com/a/1238357/92979)
```bash
$ reset
# or
$ stty sane
```
#### clear screen
```bash
$ tput home
# or
$ tput cup %py %px
# or
$ tput cup %py %px >/dev/null
```
#### show term
```bash
$ tput color
```
#### show terminal width
```bash
$ tput cols
```
#### [customized colorful output](https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/163781/29178)
{% hint style="info" %}
> references:
>
> * [imarslo: highlight output](https://github.com/marslo/ibook/blob/marslo/docs/cheatsheet/tricky.html#highlight-output)
> {% endhint %}
```bash
$ export GREP_COLORS="sl=0;33;49:ms=1;34;49"
$ find /etc/ -type f | head | grep --color=always '^\|[^/]*$'
```
### `Operation not permitted`
> \[!NOTE|label:references:]
>
> * [How to Fix 'rm: cannot remove '/etc/resolv.conf': Operation not permitted'](https://support.tools/post/fix-stuck-resolv-conf/)
> * [Can not edit resolv.conf](https://askubuntu.com/a/1276691/92979)
> * [Un-removable /etc/resolv.conf](https://askubuntu.com/questions/125847/un-removable-etc-resolv-conf)
> * mac equivalent
> * [chflags](https://ss64.com/mac/chflags.html)
> * `/bin/ls -lO`
>
> ```bash
> $ /bin/ls -lO
> total 288
> -rwxr-xr-x@ 1 marslo staff compressed,dataless 1116834851 Feb 21 17:00 Ubuntu2204-221101.AppxBundle
> ```
```bash
$ sudo lsattr /etc/resolv.conf
----i-------------- /etc/resolv.conf
$ sudo rm -rf /etc/resolv.conf
rm: cannot remove '/etc/resolv.conf': Operation not permitted
# solution
$ sudo chattr -i /etc/resolv.conf
$ sudo lsattr /etc/resolv.conf
------------------- /etc/resolv.conf
$ sudo mv /etc/resolv.conf{,.bak}
# revert back
$ sudo chattr +i /etc/resolv.conf
$ sudo lsattr /etc/resolv.conf
----i-------------- /etc/resolv.conf
```
### array
#### differences in bash parameter calls
> \[!NOTE:label:thinking:]\
> I got a issue with/without `eval` commands like:
>
> > ```bash
> > local fdOpt="--type f --hidden --follow --unrestricted --ignore-file $HOME/.fdignore"
> > local ignores=(
> > '*.pem' '*.p12'
> > '*.png' '*.jpg' '*.jpeg' '*.gif' '*.svg'
> > '*.zip' '*.tar' '*.gz' '*.bz2' '*.xz' '*.7z' '*.rar'
> > 'Music' '.target_book' '_book' 'OneDrive*'
> > )
> > while read -r pattern; do fdOpt+=" --exclude '${pattern}'"; done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${ignores[@]}")"
> > fdOpt+=' --exec-batch ls -t'
> > ```
>
> * the `--exclude` options are not passed correctly when using :
>
> > ```bash
> > fd . ${fdOpt} | fzf ${foption} --bind="enter:become(${VIM} {+})"
> > ```
>
> * but it works when using `eval` :
>
> > ```bash
> > eval "fd . ${fdOpt}" | fzf ${foption} --bind="enter:become(${VIM} {+})"
> > ```
> \[!TIP|label:tips:]
>
> > since `fdOpt` is **a single string** (containing multiple arguments), Bash treats it as **one single argument** when passed to `fd`. This leads to the following issues:
> >
> > `--exclude '*.png'` is treated as **one single argument**, rather than **two separate ones**: `--exclude` and `'*.png'`;
> >
> > As a result, fd cannot correctly interpret the glob pattern and treats it as a literal string;\
> > Therefore, `--exclude '*.png'` does not actually exclude anything.
>
> recommend using arrays to store multiple arguments and then pass them to the command.
>
> > ```bash
> > # array
> > local -a fdArgs=(--type f --hidden --follow --unrestricted --ignore-file "${HOME}/.fdignore")
> > local ignores=(
> > '*.pem' '*.p12'
> > '*.png' '*.jpg' '*.jpeg' '*.gif' '*.svg'
> > '*.zip' '*.tar' '*.gz' '*.bz2' '*.xz' '*.7z' '*.rar'
> > 'Music' '.target_book' '_book' 'OneDrive*'
> > )
> >
> > for pattern in "${ignores[@]}"; do fdArgs+=(--exclude "${pattern}"); done
> > fdArgs+=(--exec-batch ls -t)
> >
> > # array call
> > # +------------+
> > fd . "${fdArgs[@]}" | fzf ${foption} --bind="enter:become(${VIM} {+})"
> > ```
>
> details:
| FORM | WORKS? | REASON |
| ---------------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| `fd . ${fdOpt}` | ❌ No | ${fdOpt} is a single string; arguments are not properly split |
| `eval "fd . ${fdOpt}"` | ✅ Yes | Bash re-splits the command string before execution, but it’s risky |
| `fd . "${fdArgs[@]}"` | ✅✅ Yes (Recommended) | Uses an argument array — most recommended, safe, and clean |
| METHOD | ARGUMENT PARSING | SAFETY | WILDCARD EXPANSION | RECOMMENDED USE CASE |
| ------------- | ---------------------------------------- | ------ | ------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `$cmd` | ❌ Incorrect, treated as a single command | ❌ Low | ❌ No | Avoid using |
| `eval "$cmd"` | ✅ Correctly splits arguments | ⚠️ Low | ✅ Yes | Quick testing or executing ad-hoc command strings |
| `"${cmd[@]}"` | ✅ Correct and safe argument passing | ✅ High | ❌ No (no expansion) | Recommended for building command argument lists programmatically |
```bash
$ ls
bar.bak bar.txt demo.sh foo.log foo.txt
$ bash demo.sh
→ Running: echo Listing *.txt with excludes: --exclude '*.log' --exclude '*.bak'
Listing bar.txt foo.txt with excludes: --exclude '*.log' --exclude '*.bak'
# +-------------+
# *.txt got expanded
→ Running with eval: echo Listing *.txt with excludes: --exclude '*.log' --exclude '*.bak'
Listing bar.txt foo.txt with excludes: --exclude *.log --exclude *.bak
# +-------------+
# *.txt got expanded
→ Running with array: echo Listing *.txt with excludes: --exclude *.log --exclude *.bak
Listing *.txt with excludes: --exclude *.log --exclude *.bak
```
```bash
$ cat -c demo.sh
#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail
function plainString() {
local cmd="echo Listing *.txt with excludes: --exclude '*.log' --exclude '*.bak'"
echo "→ Running: $cmd"
$cmd
}
function evalString() {
local cmd="echo Listing *.txt with excludes: --exclude '*.log' --exclude '*.bak'"
echo "→ Running with eval: $cmd"
eval "$cmd"
}
function arrayCall() {
local -a cmd=("echo" "Listing" "*.txt" "with" "excludes:" "--exclude" "*.log" "--exclude" "*.bak")
echo "→ Running with array: ${cmd[*]}"
"${cmd[@]}"
}
plainString
echo ''
evalString
echo ''
arrayCall
# vim:tabstop=2:softtabstop=2:shiftwidth=2:expandtab:filetype=sh:
```
#### wildcard expansion
| METHOD | WILDCARD EXPANDED? | EXPLANATION |
| --------------------- | ------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `eval "echo *.txt"` | ✅ Yes | Shell expands the wildcard during evaluation |
| `eval "echo '*.txt'"` | ❌ No | `'*.txt'` is a quoted string literal, not subject to expansion |
| `"${arr[@]}"` | ❌ No | Arguments are passed as literal strings, no globbing applied |