vault

[!NOTE|label:references]
vault CLI
Integrate HashiCorp Vault with CICD tool(Jenkins)
How To Read Vault’s Secrets from Jenkin’s Declarative Pipeline
Hashicorp vault how to list all roles
AppRole auth method

environment

install

macos

$ brew tap hashicorp/tap
$ brew install hashicorp/tap/vault

ubunut/debian

$ wget -O- https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/hashicorp-archive-keyring.gpg
$ echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/hashicorp-archive-keyring.gpg] https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com $(lsb_release -cs) main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/hashicorp.list
$ sudo apt update && sudo apt install vault

centos/rhel

$ sudo yum install -y yum-utils
$ sudo yum-config-manager --add-repo https://rpm.releases.hashicorp.com/RHEL/hashicorp.repo
$ sudo yum -y install vault

compltion

$ vault -autocomplete-install

status

$ vault status
Key             Value
---             -----
Seal Type       shamir
Initialized     true
Sealed          false
Total Shares    5
Threshold       3
Version         1.9.0
Build Date      n/a
Storage Type    file
Cluster Name    vault-cluster-ea2f5821
Cluster ID      e034c5c3-53c6-2d38-2adf-e9bbd57ad87c
HA Enabled      false

get info

auth

list role type

$ vault auth list
Path        Type       Accessor                 Description                Version
----        ----       --------                 -----------                -------
approle/    approle    auth_approle_375212fa    n/a                        n/a
ldap/       ldap       auth_ldap_8fc0eb82       n/a                        n/a
token/      token      auth_token_f61ed5a6      token based credentials    n/a

list roles

$ vault list auth/approle/role
Keys
----
jenkins
jenkins-role

read role

$ vault read auth/approle/role/jenkins
Key                        Value
---                        -----
bind_secret_id             true
local_secret_ids           false
secret_id_bound_cidrs      <nil>
secret_id_num_uses         0
secret_id_ttl              0s
token_bound_cidrs          []
token_explicit_max_ttl     0s
token_max_ttl              4h
token_no_default_policy    false
token_num_uses             0
token_period               0s
token_policies             [service-ssh]
token_ttl                  1h
token_type                 default

security

get token

$ vault auth list
Path        Type       Accessor                 Description                Version
----        ----       --------                 -----------                -------
approle/    approle    auth_approle_375212fa    n/a                        n/a
ldap/       ldap       auth_ldap_8fc0eb82       n/a                        n/a
token/      token      auth_token_f61ed5a6      token based credentials    n/a

$ vault token lookup
Key                 Value
---                 -----
accessor            Wf********************5y
creation_time       1640161759
creation_ttl        0s
display_name        root
entity_id           n/a
expire_time         <nil>
explicit_max_ttl    0s
id                  s.s**********************K
meta                <nil>
num_uses            0
orphan              true
path                auth/token/root
policies            [root]
ttl                 0s
type                service

list

list all path

$ vault secrets list [ -detailed ]
Path                       Type         Accessor              Description
----                       ----         --------              -----------
devops/                    kv           kv_374198a0           for devops

list keys

$ vault kv list devops/service-account/
Keys
----
read-only
read-write
read-write-delete

get contents

$ vault kv get devops/service-account/read-only
=============== Secret Path ===============
devops/data/service-account/read-only

======= Metadata =======
Key                Value
---                -----
created_time       2023-03-06T15:52:45.827580966Z
custom_metadata    <nil>
deletion_time      n/a
destroyed          false
version            5

============ Data ============
Key                      Value
---                      -----
cn                       read-only
dn                       CN=read-only,OU=Service-Accounts,DC=example,DC=com
password                 ********
sAMAccountName           read-only
username                 read-only

approle

[!NOTE|label:references:]
Integrate HashiCorp Vault with CICD tool(Jenkins)
AppRole pull authentication
AppRole usage best practices
AppRole auth method

via CLI

pre-setup

$ export VAULT_ADDR='https://vault.domain.com'
$ export VAULT_TOKEN='s.s**********************K'

# VAULT_TOKEN=$(vault print token)

setup

$ vault write auth/approle/role/devops \
              token_num_uses=0 \
              secret_id_num_uses=0 \
              policies="devops"
Success! Data written to: auth/approle/role/devops

$ vault read auth/approle/role/devops
Key                        Value
---                        -----
bind_secret_id             true
local_secret_ids           false
policies                   [devops]
secret_id_bound_cidrs      <nil>
secret_id_num_uses         0
secret_id_ttl              0s
token_bound_cidrs          []
token_explicit_max_ttl     0s
token_max_ttl              0s
token_no_default_policy    false
token_num_uses             0
token_period               0s
token_policies             [devops]
token_ttl                  0s
token_type                 default

via API

# enable auth method
$ curl \
      --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \
      --request POST \
      --data '{"type": "approle"}' \
      http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/sys/auth/approle

# create approle with policy
$ curl \
      --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \
      --request POST \
      --data '{"policies": "dev-policy,test-policy"}' \
      http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/auth/approle/role/my-role

# check identifier of role
$ curl \
      --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \
      http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/auth/approle/role/my-role/role-id
{
  "data": {
    "role_id": "988a9dfd-ea69-4a53-6cb6-9d6b86474bba"
  }
}

# create new security
$ curl \
      --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \
      --request POST \
       http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/auth/approle/role/my-role/secret-id
{
  "data": {
    "secret_id_accessor": "45946873-1d96-a9d4-678c-9229f74386a5",
    "secret_id": "37b74931-c4cd-d49a-9246-ccc62d682a25",
    "secret_id_ttl": 600,
    "secret_id_num_uses": 40
  }
}

get secret_id and role_id

# read for role-id
$ vault read auth/approle/role/devops/role-id
Key        Value
---        -----
role_id    1*******-****-****-****-***********5

$ vault write -f auth/approle/role/srv-ssd-fw-devops/secret-id
Key                   Value
---                   -----
secret_id             3*******-****-****-****-***********3
secret_id_accessor    9*******-****-****-****-***********b
secret_id_ttl         0

# list for secret_id
$ vault list auth/approle/role/devops/secret-id
Keys
-----
9*******-****-****-****-***********b

operator

tokens

[!NOTE|label:references:]
Tokens
Authentication
token prefixes

TOKEN TYPE

VAULT 1.9.X +

VAULT 1.10 -

Service tokens

s.<random>

hvs.<random>

Batch tokens

b.<random>

hvb.<random>

Recovery tokens

r.<random>

hvr.<random>

root tokens

[!TIP]
Regenerate a Vault root token
/sys/generate-root the API key for root tokens

initial root token with no expiration
```
$ vault operator init
```
generate root token with share holders ( with unseal key )
[!NOTE|label:references:]
- unseal key is necessary to generate root token
- operator generate-root
```
$ vault operator generate-root
```
- example:
  - generate an otp code for the final token
    $ vault operator generate-root -generate-otp
  - start a root token generation:
    $ vault operator generate-root -init
  - enter an unseal key to progress root token generation:
    $ vault operator generate-root

check status

$ vault operator generate-root -status
Nonce         n/a
Started       false
Progress      0/3
Complete      false
OTP Length    26

init

$ vault operator init
Unseal Key 1: p******************************************Y
Unseal Key 2: /******************************************y
Unseal Key 3: j******************************************I
Unseal Key 4: V******************************************K
Unseal Key 5: l******************************************M

Initial Root Token: s.s**********************K

check status

$ vault operator key-status
Key Term            1
Install Time        22 Dec 21 08:29 UTC
Encryption Count    211817

generate new unseal key
```
$ vault operator rekey
```

seal/unseal

$ vault operator seal
$ vault operator unseal

ssh

[!NOTE|label:references:]
Signed SSH certificates
Managing SSH Access at Scale with HashiCorp Vault

client key sign

signing key & role configuration

mount ssh secret engine

$ vault secrets enable -path=devops-ssh ssh

configure vault with a ca

$ vault write devops-ssh/config/ca generate_signing_key=true
# or with private/public key pairs
$ vault write devops-ssh/config/ca \
        private_key="..." \
        public_key="..."

add CA to all servers

# download pem
$ curl -o /etc/ssh/trusted-user-ca-keys.pem http://vault.sample.com:8200/v1/ssh-client-signer/public_key
# or
$ vault read -field=public_key devops-ssh/config/ca > /etc/ssh/trusted-user-ca-keys.pem

# modify sshd_config to `TrustedUserCAKeys`
$ sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
...
TrustedUserCAKeys /etc/ssh/trusted-user-ca-keys.pem

# restart sshd
$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload
$ sudo systemctl restart sshd.service

create role

$ vault write devops-ssh/roles/my-role -<<"EOH"
{
  "algorithm_signer": "rsa-sha2-256",
  "allow_user_certificates": true,
  "allowed_users": "*",
  "allowed_extensions": "permit-pty,permit-port-forwarding",
  "default_extensions": {
    "permit-pty": ""
  },
  "key_type": "ca",
  "default_user": "ubuntu",
  "ttl": "30m0s"
}
EOH

client ssh authentication

create ssh-key paire

$ ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "user@example.com"

sign the public key

$ vault write ssh-client-signer/sign/my-role \
    public_key=@$HOME/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub

Key             Value
---             -----
serial_number   c73f26d2340276aa
signed_key      ssh-rsa-cert-v01@openssh.com AAAAHHNzaC1...

# or customerize
$ vault write ssh-client-signer/sign/my-role -<<"EOH"
{
  "public_key": "ssh-rsa AAA...",
  "valid_principals": "my-user",
  "key_id": "custom-prefix",
  "extensions": {
    "permit-pty": "",
    "permit-port-forwarding": ""
  }
}
EOH

saved the signed keys

$ vault write -field=signed_key ssh-client-signer/sign/my-role \
    public_key=@$HOME/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub > signed-cert.pub

# verify
$ ssh-keygen -Lf ~/.ssh/signed-cert.pub

# ssh
$ ssh -i signed-cert.pub -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 username@10.0.23.5

host key sign

mount ssh security

$ vault secrets enable -path=devops-ssh-hosts ssh
Successfully mounted 'ssh' at 'devops-ssh-hosts'!

configure CA

$ vault write devops-ssh-hosts/config/ca generate_signing_key=true
Key             Value
---             -----
public_key      ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EA...

# or with key pairs
$ vault write devops-ssh-hosts/config/ca \
        private_key="..." \
        public_key="..."

extend host key certificate ttls

$ vault secrets tune -max-lease-ttl=87600h devops-ssh-hosts

create role

$ vault write devops-ssh-hosts/roles/hostrole \
    key_type=ca \
    algorithm_signer=rsa-sha2-256 \
    ttl=87600h \
    allow_host_certificates=true \
    allowed_domains="localdomain,example.com" \
    allow_subdomains=true

sign ssh public key

$ vault write devops-ssh-hosts/sign/hostrole \
    cert_type=host \
    public_key=@/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
Key             Value
---             -----
serial_number   3746eb17371540d9
signed_key      ssh-rsa-cert-v01@openssh.com AAAAHHNzaC1y...

signed certificate as HostCertificate

$ vault write -field=signed_key devops-ssh-hosts/sign/hostrole \
    cert_type=host \
    public_key=@/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub > /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key-cert.pub

$ chmod 0640 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key-cert.pub

# modify sshd_config
$ sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
...
# For client keys
TrustedUserCAKeys /etc/ssh/trusted-user-ca-keys.pem
...
# For host keys
HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key
HostCertificate /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key-cert.pub

$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload
$ sudo systemctl restasrt sshd.service

verify

retrieve the host signing ca public key

$ curl http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/devops-ssh-hosts/public_key

# or
$ vault read -field=public_key devops-ssh-hosts/config/ca

add into ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

$ cat >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts << EOF
@cert-authority *.example.com ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAA...
EOF

troubleshooting

set verbose log level

$ sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
...
LogLevel VERBOSE

$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload
$ sudo systemctl restart sshd.services

check in /var/log/auth.log

$ tail -f /var/log/auth.log | grep --line-buffered "sshd"

ssh secrets engine (API)

usage

API

[!NOTE|label:references:]
api v1.14.x

$ curl \
      -H "X-Vault-Token: f3b09679-3001-009d-2b80-9c306ab81aa6" \
      -H "X-Vault-Namespace: ns1/ns2/" \
      -X GET \
      http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/secret/foo

# or
$ curl \
      -H "X-Vault-Token: f3b09679-3001-009d-2b80-9c306ab81aa6" \
      -X GET \
      http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/ns1/ns2/secret/foo

CLI

[!NOTE|label:references:]
* Vault commands (CLI)
Rotate Azure auth method root credentials with Vault CLI
auth
kv
list
secrets
policy
debug
print curl commands
$ vault write -output-curl-string  auth/userpass/users/bob password="long-password"
curl -X PUT -H "X-Vault-Request: true" -H "X-Vault-Token: $(vault print token)" -d '{"password":"long-password"}' http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/auth/userpass/users/bob
print policy requirements
$ vault kv put -output-policy kv/secret value=itsasecret
path "kv/data/secret" {
  capabilities = ["create", "update"]
}

path-help

 $ vault path-help devops
   ...

     ^.*$

     ^config$
         Configures settings for the KV store

     ^data/(?P<path>.*)$
         Write, Patch, Read, and Delete data in the Key-Value Store.

     ^delete/(?P<path>.*)$
         Marks one or more versions as deleted in the KV store.

     ^destroy/(?P<path>.*)$
         Permanently removes one or more versions in the KV store

     ^metadata/(?P<path>.*)$
         Configures settings for the KV store

     ^undelete/(?P<path>.*)$
         Undeletes one or more versions from the KV store.

and more

$ vault path-help sys/mounts
Request:        mounts
Matching Route: ^mounts$

## DESCRIPTION
This path responds to the following HTTP methods.

    GET /
        Lists all the mounted secret backends.

    GET /<mount point>
        Get information about the mount at the specified path.

    POST /<mount point>
        Mount a new secret backend to the mount point in the URL.

    POST /<mount point>/tune
        Tune configuration parameters for the given mount point.

    DELETE /<mount point>
        Unmount the specified mount point.

stdin

$ echo -n '{"value":"itsasecret"}' | vault kv put secret/password -

# or
$ echo -n "itsasecret" | vault kv put secret/password value=-

Files

$ vault kv put secret/password @data.json

# or
$ vault kv put secret/password value=@data.txt

basic usage

$ export VAULT_ADDR='http://127.0.0.1:8200'
$ export VAULT_TOKEN=root

# enable azure
$ vault auth enable azure

# write config
$ vault write auth/azure/config \
              tenant_id="${TENANT_ID}" \
              client_id="${CLIENT_ID}" \
              client_secret="${CLIENT_SECRET}" \
              resource="https://management.azure.com/"

# write role
$ vault write auth/azure/role/rotation-role \
              bound_subscription_ids="${SUBSCRIPTION_ID}" \
              bound_resource_groups="${RESOURCE_GROUP_NAME}"

# login
$ vault write auth/azure/login \
              role="rotation-role" \
              jwt="${ACCESS_TOKEN_JWT}" \
              subscription_id="${SUBSCRIPTION_ID}" \
              resource_group_name="${RESOURCE_GROUP_NAME}" \
              vm_name="${VM_NAME}"

result

Key                               Value
---                               -----
token                             hvs.XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
token_accessor                    XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
token_duration                    768h
token_renewable                   true
token_policies                    ["default"]
identity_policies                 []
policies                          ["default"]
token_meta_vm_name                vault-azure-tests-vm
token_meta_resource_group_name    vault_azure_tests_XXXXXXXX
token_meta_role                   rotation-role
token_meta_subscription_id        XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXX

using vault with curl

[!TIP|label:references]
Passing certs to curl from an environment variable

CACERT=$(vault kv get -field crt my/cert/path/CACERT)
CERT=$(vault kv get -field crt my/cert/path/TESTCERT)
KEY=$(vault kv get -field key my/cert/path/TESTCERT)

curl -v \
    --cacert <(echo "$CACERT") \
    --cert <(echo "$CERT") \
    --key <(echo "$KEY") \
    --location \
    --request GET 'https://my.end.point'

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